Snowmobile Scrapbooking

Uses of Scrapbooking Materials by Lucien Browning

As noted above a battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. To convert chemical energy into electrical energy the battery must contain the chemical base to allow conversion to occur. Types of common chemicals used in batteries on the market today are:

1. Nickel-cadmium batteries were first invented in 1899 and are a mature energy type with moderate energy density. Nickel-cadmium is used in batteries where long life, high discharge rate and extended temperature range is important. The main applications for nickel-cadmium batteries are for two-way radios, biomedical equipment and power tools.

2. Nickel-metal-hydride batteries has a higher energy density compared to nickel-cadmium but at the expense of severely reduced cycle life. Applications include mobile phones and laptop computers not much needs to be talked about here since nickel-metal hydride batteries are not too commonly used anymore for your portable consumer.

3. Lead-acid batteries are the most economical portable power source for larger power applications where weight is of little concern. Lead-acid is the preferred choice for hospital equipment, wheelchairs, emergency lighting and UPS systems. The most common place where most of us find lead-acid batteries are in our personal vehicles. Automobiles, light trucks and vans almost always use a 12-volt, six cell, and negative grounded, lead acid automotive battery used to start gasoline or diesel engines. You will find lead-acid batteries in motorcycles, boats, snowmobiles, jet skis, farm tractors, lawn and garden tractors, SUVs, etc.

4. Lithium-ion batteries are widely used today since they offer significant benefits for portable consumers. Lithium is the lightest of all metals, it has the greatest electrochemical potential, and the largest energy density for its weight.The load characteristics of lithium are reasonably good in terms of discharge.The high cell voltage of 3.6 volts allows battery pack designs with only one cell versus three (less costly and compact). Lithium ion is a low maintenance battery with no memory and no scheduled cycling being required to prolong the battery’s life.

the connector

the fuse

the charge and discharge FETs

the cell pack

the sense resistor (RSENSE)

the primary and secondary protection ICs

the fuel-gauge IC

the thermistor

the pc board

the EEPROM or firmware for the fuel-gauge IC.

Key Academia

In the East Midlands, the advanced materials community has strong links with the region’s Universities with examples of previous collaborations including Ford Motor Company Ltd working with the University of Nottingham to investigate the automotive application of composites.

Loughborough University

Department of Materials

Ceramics, metals, polymers and their composites, Energy Materials, Nano Materials, Sustainability, Surface Engineering, Processing.

Loughborough Materials Characterisation Centre

Extensive facilities including materials synthesis, processing and characterization available for use by industry,

Institute of Surface Science and Technology

Surface chemical analysis, depth profiling and molecular fingerprinting of a wide range of materials including coatings, composites, elastomers, fibres, glasses, metals, plastics and semiconductors. Expertise in adhesion.

University of Nottingham

Advanced Materials Group

Alloy development and processing; spray deposition of protective coatings; tribological assessment of surfaces; characterisation of functional and structural materials by electron microscopy; processing and characterisation of novel photonic glasses; development of biomaterials and biomedical devices and implants; bioactive and catalytic surface studies.

Polymer Composites Group

Textile composites, cost-effective processing, crashworthiness, bio-composites